Construction 5.85.

Let \(K \in \Cong(T)\) be a congruence. By Theorem 5.84, congruences form a subalgebra of \(\Acyc(T)\). We can therefore form powers \(K^n\), giving congruences for all \(n \geq 0\) sitting in a chain

\[\dots \subseteq K^3 \subseteq K^2 \subseteq K \subseteq \All.\]

We call this the \(K\)-adic filtration. If \(K\) is of small generation, so are its powers, and the filtration gives a tower of quotient logoi

\[T \to \dots \to T/K^3 \to T/K^2 \to T/K \to T/\All \iso *.\]

Let \((K^{n+1})^\perp\) denote the right class of the modality determined by \(K^{n+1}\). We define the \((n+1)\)-st layer of the filtration by

\[K^n/K^{n+1}:=K^n\cap(K^{n+1})^\perp.\]

For \(X\in T\), let \((K^n/K^{n+1})_X\subseteq T_{/X}\) be the full subcategory spanned by the maps \(Y\to X\) in this class. At the terminal object, it can equivalently be described as the fiber

Commutative diagram generated from the LaTeX source

Thus an object of \((K^n/K^{n+1})_1\) is \(K^{n+1}\)-local and becomes terminal after localization at \(K^n\). The same description in the slice \(T_{/X}\) gives the layer at an arbitrary object \(X\).